| Temporal adverbial clauses tell when the action of the verb
in the governing clause takes place. Here are some examples (with
the temporal clause underlined): WITH CUM - cum with the indicative (and
often following the main clause), indicates a temporal clause. (click
here for other types of cum clauses)
 | cenabat cum amicus quidam casam intravit, "they were
dining when a friend entered the house". The cum clause
appears after the main clause ("cenabat") |
| cum Quintus ad fundum redierat, semper gaudebat, "whenever
Quintus had returned to his farm, he always rejoiced".
The cum clause is first in the sentence, but it expresses a
general rather than a specific situation ("whenever"). |
| cum Athenas advenero, ad te scribam, "when I (will)
arrive at Athens, I shall write to you". The action
expressed is in the future. |
| cum fessi sumus, in horto quiescimus, "when(ever) we
are tired, we rest in the garden". The action is both
general ("whenever") and refers to the present time. |
WITH DUM - Dum is used to introduce temporal clauses that have
specific relations with the action of the governing verb
| + Present indicative (even in past time): "while": action
going on right up to the time of the action of the governing verb.
 | dum Psyche dormit, Cupido eam tollit per auram,
"while Psyche sleeps, Cupid lifts her through the
air". In this sentence, the temporal clauses gives the on-going
circumstances of the action of lifting. |
| dum in foro manemus, amicum vidimus ad nos currentem,
"while we were waiting in the forum, we saw a friend
running toward us". |
|
| + Imperfect indicative: "while": expresses action that
continues to run concurrently with the action of the main verb.
| dum in foro manebamus, cum amicis colloquebamur, "while
(= all the time that) we were waiting in the forum, we talked
with friends". The action of waiting continued during
the talking to friends. |
|
| + perfect or pluperfect indicative: "until": the action of
the main verb continues until the action of the dum clause.
| in foro manebamus dum sol occidit, "we were waiting
in the forum until the sun set". The waiting
continued until the sun set. |
| hostes secuti sumus dum in castra fugerunt, "we
followed the enemy until they fled into their camp". |
|
| + subjunctive: "until"; the subjunctive is used with dum
when there is a sense of purpose or anticipation in the action of the dum
clause in relation to the action of the governing verb.
These are semantically similar to conditional clauses.
| in foro manemus dum pater veniat, "we are waiting in
the forum until our father should come". |
| Antonius apud Actium morabatur dum mare tranquillum esset,
"Antonius delayed at Actium until the sea should be calm". |
|
WITH UBI - ubi Quintus a ludo redit, ille quoque fabulam audit,
"when Quintus returns from school, he also listens to the
story." In this sentence, the temporal clause tells when
Quintus listens to the story.
|
Other
Adverbial Clauses
Causal Clauses
Circumstantial Clauses
Comparative Clauses
Concessive Clauses
Conditional Clauses
Place Where Clauses
Purpose Clauses
Result Clauses
Temporal Clauses
Ablative Absolute
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Main Index
Syllabus
Handouts
Latin Reference
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Related Topics
Lesson Chapter 13
Lesson Chapter 47
Dependent Clauses
Adverbial Clauses
Adverbs
Cum Clauses
Circumstantial Clauses
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