Lecture 22:  Sustainable Seas:  Marine Fisheries
Focus Question:  Where have all the fish gone?

1.  What is the connection between upwelling areas and productive fishing areas?
2.  Where in the ocean does most of the fishing take place?
3.  What is meant by "bycatch" or "bykill"?
4.  What does Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) mean?
5.  What are 3 major fishing industry collapses that have occurred in historic time?
 

Lecture 23:  Charismatic Megafauna:  Marine Mammals
Focus Question:  How have marine mammals adapted to life in the ocean?

1.  What are general characteristics of all mammals?
2.  How have marine mammals solved the problem of keeping warm in cold water?
3.  How have marine mammals solved the problem of diving to great depths & pressures?
4.  How have marne mammals solved the problem of communicating with eachother under water?
5.  How have marine mammals solved the problem of living with no fresh water?
6.  How have marine mammals solved the problem of finding their way around and hunting in low visibility water?
7.  Why were whales hunted so extensively in the 18th-20th centuries?
8.  Where is there a whale sanctuary?

Lecture 24:  Lake Erie:  An Inland Sea
Focus Question:  What are the major issues in lake water quality for Lake Erie?
1.  Nutrient Loading is a problem in Lake Erie.  Where are these excess nutrients coming from?
2.  What happens to oxygen levels  when algal blooms form in the central basin of Lake Erie?
3.  When do oxygen levels drop during the year in Lake Erie?
4.  What problems are caused by Zebra Mussels?
5.  Why are there so many Zebra Mussels in the Great Lakes?
6.  PCBs and DDT are no longer made, yet these toxic chemicals are still in fish in Lake Erie.  Why?

Lecture 25:  Why is there a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico?
1.  Who are the main contributors to the formation of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico?
2.  When (during the year) is the dead zone most pronounced and why?
3.  Is there a solution to it, and what would it be? 

Lecture 26: The Oceans and Climate, Part 1
Focus Question:How does ENSO (El Niño - Southern Oscillation) affect global climate?
1.  How does the atmosphere move heat around on the Earth's Surface?
2.  How does the ocean move heat around on the Earth's Surface?
3.  What role does ice play in keeping the poles cold?
4.  What happens if the polar ice melts?
5.  Where does El Niño occur?
6.  During an El  Niñoyear, what changes occur in the equatorial Pacific?
7.  What is La Niña?
8.  What is the cycle of El Niño (how often does it occur?)

Lecture 27:  The Oceans and Climate, Part 2
Focus Question:  What are the natural controls of climate change?
1.  Why does Earth experience climate?
2.  What is meant by external mechanisms of climate change?
3.  What is meant by internal mechanisms of climate change?
4.  Why do changes in the Earth's Orbit affect how much heat we receive?
5.  How can we find out about past climate changes from ocean records?
6.  What are greenhouse gases?  Which one is most common?
7.  What do greenhouse gases do?
8.  How long ago into the past do we need to go to find the same high amounts of CO2 as we now have?