JUS 66763--Theory--Outline

Class #3-September 2005

Resurgence of classical ideas (esp. 1970s and 1980s)

Deterrence theory

Specific deterrence

General deterrence

Stafford and Warr’ reconceptualization

A mixture of direct (s.d.) and indirect (g.d.) experiences with punishment and

punishment avoidance is typical; must consider both in one theory

Compatible with learning theory

The evidence to date? (some support)

Rational choice theory

Cornish and Clarke

People have “limited” rationality

Focus on choice, fluid, dynamic nature of crime

Individual and social factors influence the estimate of the costs and benefits of crime

Need to have a “crime specific” focus (different models of decision making are necessary for different types of crime)

Recognizes informal sanctions

Need to distinguish “criminal involvement” from “criminal events,” and focus on situational factors that influence the criminal decision

Policy relevance?

increase perceived risks

decrease anticipated rewards

increase effort reward

Routine activity/ies theory

Cohen and Felson

Developed to explain the changes in crime rates for “direct contact predatory offenses” (since expanded)

Necessary elements for a crime to occur:

motivated offenders, suitable targets, absence of capable guardians

Routine activities defined

Changes in routine activities since WWII in U.S.?

The evidence to date? (some support)

Policy implications

routine precautions

situational crime prevention