Before you can write your program, you need to have some background information on how an image is made.  An image is made up of blocks called pixels. Usually, when we refer to an image as an n by m (n*m) image, we mean that there are n rows and m columns of pixels in that image. Thus, n pixels in each column and m pixels on each row. That makes n*m pixels all together.  In a grayscale image, every pixel has a value between 0 to 255. The black color is represented with a pixel value of 0 and the white color with a pixel value of 255.  Different shades of grey are made by selecting a number in the range 0 to 255, a pure grey is 127 (50% black and 50% white).  Following is an example of a 4x4 image (4 pixels on each column and 4 on each row).  Please note that all pixels are squares of the same size, some browsers may show the pixels on the sample image in a different size, but in the actual image, all pixels appear with the same size.
 
 

The pixel values on this 4x4 image are:

   0        255        0        255
   255    127        255    0
   0        255        160    255
   255    86          255    0
 

To generate this image simply create a file called img1.ppm and type the following 8 lines iin it:
P3
# This a sample 4x4 image
4  4
255
0  255  0  255
255  127  255  0
0  255  160  255
255  86  255  0

In this image, the first 4 lines define the format and characteristics of the image, in brief:
P3  // Is the standard P3 PMG format
# This a sample 4x4 image  // any comments
4  4  // number of rows and columns
255  // maximum grey level observed

Once you saved the file then you can view it using an imaging software, such as xv, Paint Shop Pro, or Adobe Photoshop.  Note that since this image is very small, you may enlarge the view (zoom in) to see the details.  You also can use the imaging software to convert images that are in other formats to pgm format.

Your assignment is to read an image, to display some statistics on that image, and to create its invert .  The inverse of white color is black and the inverse of a black color is white.  So you need to convert all the pixels of the 2-D array representing the image based on this scheme. Your program must be flexible, thus correctly works for images of different size.  Here is a sample 8 by 8 image samp_img.pmg.

Here is the list of functions you are required to use, but you are welcome to use any additional functions.

invert : This function will take the array representing the image and will invert its pixels. You basically use the following formula to invert a single pixel:
invert of x  = |255 -x|. For example if a pixel on the original image has the value of 255 after we invert it, it will become 0, a pixel with pixel value of 80 will be converted to 255 – 80 = 175.

The inverted image will be written into a new file, img_invert.ppm.  Please note that the first four lines of the input image must be written into the inverted
image without any change. So you need to copy these four lines from the original image file to the inverted image.

avrg_row: This function will take the average of each row and will write the result into the OutData file in the following format:
Avg Row (1) :???
Avg Row (2) :???

avrg_column: This function will take the average of each column and will write the result into the OutData file in the following format:
Avg Col (1) :???
Avg Col (2) :???
…..

avrg_image: This function will compute the average of the input image and will write the result into the output file OutData.
Avg Pixel: ???

std_image: This function computes the standard deviation of the image based on the following formula:

in which x_i is the individual pixel value, x_avgis the mean (average) of all pixels, and N is the total number of pixels in that image.

distribution: This function will compute and write the following 6 values into the output file OutData:

Average + 1 STD: ???             Average – 1 STD: ???
Average + 2 STD: ???             Average – 2 STD: ???
Average + 3 STD: ???             Average – 3 STD: ???
 

Instructions to return your lab to the teacher: (5 points penalty if instructions are not followed appropriately)

1. Be sure you return all the printed files where you have written all your answers. These are the answers to Ex. 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
2. Return Ex 9.5, and the PostLab for extra credit.
3. Transfer ONLY the source files you have written from loki to your local Windows machine and collect them in a  folder called YourLastNameLab9 (ex. AGuercioLab9). Be sure you did not copy any executable file in this folder. If you did, please remove it from the folder. The files to be zipped are:
   
   
   Exercise 9-1: 

   ex91.cpp

   Exercise 9-2: 

   ex92.cpp

   Exercise 9.3:

   ex93.cpp

   Exercise 9-4:
   ex94.cpp

   Optional    Exercise 9-5:
   ex95.cpp

   Optional    Exercise PostLab:
   postlab.cpp


4. Now exit from the folder, right click on the folder and choose WinZip--> Zip and e-mail. This action will pack your folder and attach it to an e-mail. You can use a Rar Program if you have that program instead of the Zip program.
5. Send the e-mail to kschaffe@kent.edu with the subject CS23021 Lab 9 Submission.
6. Send your e-mail before the deadline to receive full credit.

Congratulations! You have completed another Lab of CS I !! :-)